This study examines the safety of commercial cod products by analysing the elemental profile and biogenic amine content of ten types of cod (fresh and processed) purchased in Messina and determining the intake of inorganic elements. The results demonstrate the influence of processing techniques on the content of essential and toxic elements, as well as biogenic amines, in processed products compared to fresh products. Histamine content was consistently below the permitted maximum. All species were found to be good sources of macronutrients (Ca, K, Mg, P and Na) and moderate sources of certain micronutrients (Fe, Zn, Cu and Se). However, some toxic elements (Cd and As) showed high concentrations, often exceeding reference limits. Assuming an average daily cod consumption of 100 g, some products exceeded the daily requirement for certain inorganic elements (As, Na, P, Se). Therefore, reducing the daily intake of these products would be advisable to mitigate potential toxicological risks. These findings help to define the safety profile of cod-based products, which are now commonly present in our diet. They also confirm the need for constant monitoring to ensure consumer protection in an ever-evolving market.
Nava et al. (2026) studied this question.