Effect of resistance training combined with carbohydrate and protein supplementation on the HOMA-IR, glycemic, lipid profile and hypertrophy of older adults with Type II Diabetes: secondary data analysis of a triple-blind RCT

The Protein Group showed a significant reduction in HOMA-IR (p = 0.03), indicating improved insulin resistance. Lipid profile variables showed no significant changes across groups. Most exercises demonstrated significant load progression, except rowing and standing curls. Muscle thickness did not show significant differences in either muscle evaluated. RT improved muscle strength regardless of supplementation type but did not produce significant hypertrophy. Protein supplementation significantly reduced HOMA-IR, indicating early improvements in insulin sensitivity, whereas carbohydrate supplementation showed no metabolic effect. Lipid profile parameters remained unchanged, and no significant changes were observed in HbA1c or fasting glycemia.