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April 1, 2026Transcranial magnetic stimulation .Open Access

Expanding Access to Personalized TMS: An MRI-guided Scalp-Based Targeting Alternative to Neuronavigation

Farui Liu Zong Zhang Lijiang Wei Yuanyuan Chen Zeqing Zheng Yilong Xu Haosen Cai Zheng YY Li Yingying Tang Jijun Wang Chaozhe Zhu

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Key Points

The aim is to develop a practical method for personalized TMS targeting without the need for complex neuronavigation systems.
Developed a personalized TMS targeting method using the Continuous Proportional Coordinate (CPC) scalp system.
Validated the method with DLPFC-SGC connectivity targets using assessments by three independent operators.
Evaluated targeting accuracy and reproducibility in ten participants across two sessions.
Achieved comparable targeting accuracy to neuronavigation with a mean error of 4.37 mm.
Preserved 99.36% of electric field strength relative to neuronavigation.
Demonstrated high inter-operator reliability (ICC 0.903) and test-retest reproducibility (r > 0.947).

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Implication

Demonstrates an accurate TMS targeting method, broadening access to precision neuromodulation therapies.

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Cite This Study

Liu et al. (2026) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/69d34dd49c07852e0af9763e https://doi.org/10.1016/j.transm.2026.100222

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