Associations of obesity and malnutrition with cardiac remodeling and cardiovascular outcomes in Asian adults: A cohort study

Figures

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  Fig 1. Forest plots depicting multivariable associations of key echocardiography measures and combined subgroups of BMI and nutrition. (A) Cardiac structural parameters; (B) LV systolic function; (C) LV diastolic function. Models adjusted for age, sex, systolic blood pressure, heart rate, fasting glucose, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, total cholesterol, hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and estimated glomerular filtration rate. E/e′, ratio of early mitral inflow velocity to mitral annular early diastolic velocity; Fsendo, endocardial fractional shortening; LAV, left atrial volume; LM, lean–malnourished; LN, lean–well-nourished; LV, left ventricular; LVEDV, left ventricular end diastolic volume; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; NT-proBNP, N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide; OM, obese–malnourished; ON, obese–well-nourished; SA, serum albumin; TDI e′, tissue Doppler imaging–based peak myocardial relaxation velocity; TDI s′, tissue Doppler imaging–based peak systolic annular velocity; TRV, tricuspid regurgitation velocity.

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  Fig 2. Kaplan–Meier survival estimates for composite outcome of heart failure hospitalization and 1-year mortality. Participants are stratified by combined subgroups of nutritional index (serum albumin) and (A) body mass index (high, >25 kg/m2), or (B) waist circumference (high, >90 cm and >80 cm in men and women, respectively), or (C) percentage body fat (>25% and >35% in men and women, respectively).