Prevalence and clinical implications of valvular calcification on coronary computed tomography angiography

Figures

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  Figure 1. Calcification of the aortic (A) and mitral (B) annulus (yellow arrow in patients with co-existing coronary artery disease (white arrow).

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  Figure 2. Multivariable analysis of cardiovascular risk factors and the presence of aortic valve or mitral calcification. Age (years); male gender compared to female gender; smoking status compared to non-smokers; total cholesterol concentration per unit increment; symptoms compared to those with non-anginal chest pain; Risk_score, ASSIGN cardiovascular risk score; AF, atrial fibrillation; BMI, body mass index; CHD, previous history of coronary heart disease; CVD, previous history of cerebrovascular disease; FH, family history of coronary heart disease; HBP, hypertension; PVD, previous history of peripheral vascular disease; *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001.

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  Figure 3. Coronary artery calcification was higher in patients with both (A) aortic valve calcification and (B) mitral valve calcification than patients without. Correlation between coronary artery Agatston calcium score and (C) aortic valve calcium score and (D) mitral valve calcium score. *log transformed.

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  Figure 4. Cumulative incidence plot showing the association of the presence of (A) aortic valve calcification and (B) mitral calcification on the composite endpoint of cardiovascular death (CVD), non-fatal myocardial infarction (NFMI), or non-fatal stroke (NFS). The adverse outcomes associated with valve calcification were no longer evident once the burden of coronary atherosclerosis was considered in the multivariable model.