Long‐Term Results of Congenital Aortic Stenosis Treatment in the Era of Percutaneous Balloon Valvuloplasty: Up to 33 Years Follow‐Up

Figures

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  Figure 1. Hemodynamic data before and after (≤30 days) first aortic BVPL and at last follow‐up. A, Peak systolic gradient. B, Mean systolic gradient. C, Grade of aortic insufficiency. *P<0.001, † P<0.05. BVPL indicates percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty.

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  Figure 2. Survival free from any reintervention on the basis of short‐term echocardiographic hemodynamic result of the initial BVPL. Early deaths excluded. A, Residual PGR, P=0.013. B, Residual AI, P<0.001. AI indicates aortic insufficiency; BVPL, percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty; and PGR, peak gradient.

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  Figure 3. Flowchart of aortic valve interventions performed. AVR indicates aortic valve replacement; BVPL, percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty; F/U, follow‐up; and Re‐BVPL, percutaneous balloon revalvuloplasty.

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  Figure 4. Number of reinterventions and indications for surgery. A, Cumulative burden of catheter and surgical aortic valve reinterventions. Graph showing the total number of patients and number of deceased patients in every category. B, Indications for the first surgical procedure depending on the type of surgery. Only patients with available echocardiography <30 days before operation were analyzed (N=92).

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  Figure 5. Survival and survival free from each of the secondary end points. A, Total cohort. B, Newborns. C, Newborns–with exclusion of patients with left ventricular dysfunction or patent arterial duct dependency. D, Older patients.

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  Figure 6. Differences between newborns and older patients. A, Survival, P=0.002. B, Survival free from any reintervention, P<0.001. Early deaths excluded.

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  Figure 7. Survival free from any reintervention after the first and second valvuloplasty, P=0.027. Early deaths excluded. BVPL indicates percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty; and Re‐BVPL, percutaneous balloon revalvuloplasty.

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  Figure 8. Neonatal survival by era. A, Survival, P=0.010 (Era 1 vs Era 4, P=0.006). B, Survival free from any reintervention, P=0.208 (Era 1: 1987–1992, Era 2: 1992–1999, Era 3: 1999–2004, Era 4: 2004–2011).

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  Figure 9. Multivariable analysis of risk factors for outcome. A, Death. B, Revalvuloplasty. C, Surgery. D, Any reintervention. BSA indicates body surface area; LV, left ventricular; and PDA, patent ductus arteriosus.