Age, gender, and posture are consistent determinants of heart rate and heart rate variability across different European populations.
Age, gender, and posture warrant routine adjustment in HR/HRV analyses; leaves open lifestyle effects on clinical outcomes.
Across four European populations, gender, age and posture were consistent and independent correlates of HR and HRV. Lifestyle seems to have small but varying influences on HR and/or HRV, probably depending on the environmental and cultural background of the population under study.
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Stolarz et al. (2003) studied this question.
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