Review demonstrates concentration-dependent roles of hydrogen peroxide in cellular systems, indicating that physiological eustress diverges from damaging distress.
Hydrogen peroxide emerged as major redox metabolite operative in redox sensing, signaling and redox regulation. Generation, transport and capture of H₂O₂ in biological settings as well as their biological consequences can now be addressed. The present overview focuses on recent progress on metabolic sources and sinks of H₂O₂ and on the role of H₂O₂ in redox signaling under physiological conditions (1-10nM), denoted as oxidative eustress. Higher concentrations lead to adaptive stress responses via master switches such as Nrf2/Keap1 or NF-κB. Supraphysiological concentrations of H₂O₂ (>100nM) lead to damage of biomolecules, denoted as oxidative distress. Three questions are addressed: How can H₂O₂ be assayed in the biological setting? What are the metabolic sources and sinks of H₂O₂? What is the role of H₂O₂ in redox signaling and oxidative stress?
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Helmut Sies (2017) studied this question.
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