The high potentials of the order of 100 V developed when ice is formed from dilute solutions were investigated to discover the mechanism. Contact potentials between solids and liquids are usually of the order of 1 V and some further fact must operate to achieve 100 V. The theory suggested is that, whereas in the usual case the charges producing the potentials are adjacent to the boundary, in the case of freezing ice the charges extend to a small distance from this boundary.
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Eric W. Gill (1953) studied this question.
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