In this paper, an error bound analysis is performed for 2x thru de-embedding methods: AFR (Automatic Fixture Removal) and SFD (Smart Fixture De-embedding). Basically, a certain amount of error is assumed to exist in S11 of 1x. This error will cause the de-embedded results to vary within a certain range. The upper bound and lower bound of the magnitude of the de-embedded results are given.
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Wu et al. (2017) studied this question.