Endoscopic Endonasal and Supraorbital Removal of Tuberculum Sellae Meningiomas: Anatomic Guides and Operative Nuances for Keyhole Approach Selection

In our experience, both endonasal and supraorbital routes are safe and effective for TSM removal. Greater tumor extension below planum and medial optic canal invasion favor endonasal route, while larger size and lateral extension favor supraorbital route. Given high frequency of TSM growth into optic canals and better access for medial optic canal tumor removal, endonasal route may be preferred for most TSMs.