Parameters for the formation of orogenic gold deposits

Orogenic gold deposits are the main source of gold for humanity. These deposits formed from the Archaean to Phanerozoic at crustal depths of more than 4 km. The key parameters accounting for their formation remain under discussion. I review these parameters in light of recent scientific advances using a systemic approach, where the relative pertinence of each component of a complex system in time and space is addressed. From the base to the top of the mineralising system, the following components and processes are reviewed: (1) the fluid sources; (2) the appropriate ligands and their sources; (3) the solubility of gold and its potential sources; (4) the function of faults as conduits; and (5) the mechanisms for precipitating gold. This review provides further support for the role of carbon-rich and pyritic sedimentary rocks in the formation of orogenic gold deposits throughout geological time.