Permanent contraception by laparoscopic tubectomy with ovarian conservation in Hong Kong macaques

Between 2009 and 2019, 1,343 laparoscopic tubectomies were carried out in field conditions in Hong Kong Macaques (M fascicularis x M mulatta) through a three-port approach using 3 mm pediatric instruments.This surgery can be completed within 4 to 10 minutes through 3 mm entry points.No postsurgical care is required.All the animals recovered uneventfully and were returned to the wild within 6 hours post-surgery.Field observations during 2,169 survey days spanning 10 years (2009-2019) did not reveal any surgical complications including sepsis, suture-picking, herniation or evisceration.Laparoscopic tubectomy with ovarian conservation is a rapid and simple procedure that can be carried out in the field, requires no follow up, has fewer potential complications than open surgery and preserves hormonal integrity essential in active and long-lived social primates.This technique is recommended as a method of choice for permanent sterilization of wild macaques and other primates.