Scalable Fabrication of Conjugated Microporous Polymer Sponges for Efficient Solar Steam Generation

Seawater evaporation realized by solar-thermal conversion represents one of the most sustainable and effective strategies to obtain fresh water. Many approaches have been proposed to achieve high efficiencies of solar-thermal conversion, but their practical applications are limited by the low scalability. Herein, novel porphyrin/aniline-based conjugated microporous polymers (PACMPs) are synthesized via a Buchwald-Hartwig coupling reaction, which are then integrated with polyurethane sponges via a simple dip-coating technique. The PACMP-modified sponges (PACSs) retain the high porosity of the sponge substrate and excellent solar-thermal conversion properties of PACMPs. Under standard solar irradiation (1 kW m⁻²), PACSs achieve a high seawater evaporation rate of 1.31 kg m⁻² h⁻¹ with a solar-thermal conversion efficiency of 86.3%. PACSs show no salt accumulation and high performance of desalination and dye decolorization, removing >99.9% salt and >99.2% dye, respectively. The self-floating characteristic, recyclability, and durable solar-thermal evaporation efficiencies enable PACSs to be promising candidate materials for seawater desalination and sewage purification.