The distribution of each genetic cluster of C. diphtheriae isolates across multiple countries in Europe showed repeated cross-border spread. The large number of C. diphtheriae infections among migrants is a cause for concern, particularly given that antimicrobial-resistance phenotypes threaten the efficacy of first-line treatments. (Funded by the Bavarian State Ministry of Health, Care, and Prevention and others.).
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Hoefer et al. (2025) studied this question.
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