Interannual Variations of the North Equatorial Current Across the Pacific Ocean

Abstract The interannual variation of the North Equatorial Current (NEC) across the North Pacific Ocean and the modulation of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) are investigated based on both observations and reduced gravity model experiments. Results reveal that the interannual variation of the NEC is highly related to El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) with unsynchronized variations both in zonal and meridional structure. The tropical and subtropical gyre branches of the NEC (NEC‐S and NEC‐N) behave antiphase variation during El Niño events with the transport of the former being enhanced and the latter being weakened across the Pacific. The NEC axis in the western/eastern Pacific shifts northward/southward during El Niño events, consistent with the meridional shift of the zero‐line of wind stress curl. Model experiments indicate that Rossby waves mainly modulate the NEC near the western boundary and the NEC‐N, while Ekman pumping modulates NEC‐S in the western basin. Meanwhile, the relationship between the interannual variation of the NEC and ENSO events is significantly modulated by different PDO phases. The PDO cold phase favors a much closer connection between the NEC and the Niño 3.4 index. The dynamics lie in that PDO‐related wind stress curl and sea level anomalies are consistent with that of El Niño, favoring the enhanced correlation between NEC and El Niño. The reverse is true for the warm phase. These results will contribute to a better understanding of the behavior of the tropical Pacific Ocean circulation and its role in climate change.