Virtual modelling of safety helmets: practical problems

This work is an attempt to clarify some of the delicate aspects encountered in helmet virtual modelling. Firstly, a review of the literature is illustrated and the main aspects of the models proposed in the past are discussed. Subsequently, the development and testing of a finite element model of a commercially available helmet are analysed. The test conditions for the virtual simulations were those prescribed by the ECE 22.05 standards. Particular emphasis is given to the analysis of fibre-reinforced plastic helmets that, owing to their superior performances, are prone to further developments. The results are compared with experimental data, and possible reasons for discrepancies are analysed.