Antihypertensive Medication Adherence and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease Among Older Adults: A Population‐Based Cohort Study

Figure 1. Medicare fee‐for‐service beneficiaries aged 66 to 79 years in 2008–2009 who were newly diagnosed with hypertension and newly initiated antihypertension medications, Medicare 2008–2014 cohort. CVD indicates cardiovascular disease.

Figure 2. Cumulative incidence function for CVD (A), IHD (B), stroke/TIA (C), and heart failure (D) by PDC category, Medicare 2008–2014 cohort. CVD indicates cardiovascular disease; HF, heart failure; IHD, ischemic heart disease; PDC, proportion days covered; TIA, transient ischemic attack.

Figure 3. Adjusted hazard ratios (95% CI) for CVD events (A), IHD (B), stroke/TIA (C), and heart failure events (D) associated with PDC and its distribution, Medicare 2008–2014 cohort. CVD indicates cardiovascular disease; IHD, ischemic heart disease; PDC, proportion days covered; TIA, transient ischemic attack.

Figure 4. Adjusted hazard ratios (95% CI) for CVD (A), IHD (B), stroke/TIA (C), and heart failure events (D) associated with PDC by age group, sex, race, Charlson Comorbidity Index, diabetes mellitus, CKD, and status of low‐income subsidy, Medicare 2008–2014 cohort. CVD indicates cardiovascular disease; CKD, chronic kidney disease; HR, hazard ratio; IHD, ischemic heart disease; PDC, proportion days covered; TIA, transient ischemic attack.