This narrative review highlights the nature and prevalence of the ISPIN definitions and its four domains in current literature and can be visualized through diagramming. Minimal quantitative studies and a higher volume of discussion articles present limitations to its strength and applicability. Results suggests the need for further research in all domains, particularly in knowledge and values and ethics, and its implications in strengthening nursing practice and education.
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Marold et al. (2025) studied this question.
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