In the past years extensive experience has been gained in the upgrading of waste water treatment processes for efficient nutrient removal. Hereby especially the integration of denitrification and biological P-removal has been focused upon on these experiences a new process configuration (the BCFS®-process) was developed. This process is specially designed to optimise the activity of denitrifying P-removing bacteria. If the biological P-removal process needs to be supplemented an integrated ‘P-stripper’ is designed. This paper reviews the upgrading of three wastewater treatment plants by the new process.
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Loosdrecht et al. (1998) studied this question.
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