The evidence on the relation between the exposure to RF-EMF and biomarkers of oxidative stress was of very low certainty, because a majority of the included studies were rated with a high RoB level and provided high heterogeneity. This is due to inaccurate measurements of exposure and/or of measurement of oxidative stress biomarkers and missing information on the blinding of research personnel to exposure conditions or outcome measurements. There may be no or an inconsistent effect of RF-EMF on biomarkers of oxidative stress in the brain, liver, blood, plasma and serum, and in the female reproductive system in animal experiments but the evidence is of very low certainty. There may be an increase in biomarkers of oxidative stress in testes, serum and thymus of rodents but the evidence is of very low certainty. Future studies should improve experimental designs and characterization of exposure systems as well as the use of validated biomarker measurements with positive controls. Other: This review was partially funded by the World Health Organization. The protocol for this review is registered in PROSPERO (https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42021235573) and published in Environment International (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2021.106932) (Henschenmacher et al., 2022).
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Meyer et al. (2024) studied this question.