Effect of Neem and Selected Fungicides on Viability and Virulence of the Entomopathogenic Nematode Steinernema feltiae

Entomopathogenic nematodes are often used in conjunction with other pest management tactics and the lack of compatibility information is a major impediment in further expansion of their use. We evaluated the effects of different formulations of neem and selected fungicides commonly used in greenhouses on Steinernema feltiae which is used for the control of fungus gnats. Neem as pure oil at the field recommended concentrations (5- 10 mL L -1 ) had no effect on the viability and virulence of S. feltiae up to 120 h incubation. However the neem formulation, Nimbecidine and neem oil when mixed with a bactericidal soap (commonly used as a surfactant with neem oil) caused 13- 25% mortality of S. feltiae. This toxic effect was entirely due to the soap that alone caused about 24% mortality. Neither neem oil, Nimbecidine or soap had any effect on nematode virulence. The fungicide cinnamaldehyde (Cinnamate) was highly toxic, resulting in 100% nematode mortality after 4 h of incubation, followed by hydrogen dioxide/peroxyacetic acid mixture (ZeroTol) that caused 100% mortality after 120 h of incubation. Another fungicide, azoxystrobin (Abound) caused no nematode mortality. This investigation concludes that neem and the fungicide azoxystrobin (Abound) can be safely tank mixed at the field recommended concentrations with the infective juveniles of S. feltiae for application, but cinnamaldehyde (Cinnamate) and hydrogen dioxide/peroxyacetic mixture (ZeroTol), are incompatible. Also the surfactants that are usually recommended as 'tank-mix' applications can be toxic to the nematodes and should therefore be evaluated for compatibility prior to use.