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July 1, 1966Reviews of Modern Physics2,875 citations

On the Problem of Hidden Variables in Quantum Mechanics

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JBJohn S. Bell

Key Points

  • The paper aims to reconsider the interpretations of quantum mechanics concerning hidden variables and the axioms supporting them.
  • Reanalysis of historical demonstrations by von Neumann and others regarding hidden variable interpretations.
  • Questioning the reasonableness of traditional axioms in quantum mechanics.
  • Proposing an axiom that distant systems are independent of each other.
  • Identifies essential axioms of quantum mechanics as unreasonable.
  • Suggests a new perspective on the independence of mutually distant systems.

Abstract

The demonstrations of von Neumann and others, that quantum mechanics does not permit a hidden variable interpretation, are reconsidered. It is shown that their essential axioms are unreasonable. It is urged that in further examination of this problem an interesting axiom would be that mutually distant systems are independent of one another.

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Cite This Study

John S. Bell (1966) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/69d90bfe68d7b521c53afec2https://doi.org/10.1103/revmodphys.38.447
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Also Consider

Synapse has enriched 5 closely related papers on similar clinical questions. Consider them for comparative context:

  1. 1A Suggested Interpretation of the Quantum Theory in Terms of "Hidden" Variables. I1952 · 5,574 citations
  2. 2Von Neumann's Hidden-Parameter Proof1961 · 18 citations
  3. 3Role of the Observer in Quantum Theory1963 · 180 citations
  4. 4Can Quantum-Mechanical Description of Physical Reality Be Considered Complete?1935 · 16,846 citations
  5. 5Discussion of Experimental Proof for the Paradox of Einstein, Rosen, and Podolsky1957 · 717 citations