Elemental composition of bee products from diverse botanical sources: Implications for consumer safety

This is the authors' abstract. We don't add key points for this paper.

Bee products such as honey, pollen, and bee bread have unique chemical compositions influenced by their botanical origin. In this study, 143 samples of Polish bee product were analyzed using ICP-OES to determine the concentrations of 24 elements and assess potential health risks. The results showed significant differences in elemental composition. Honey had the lowest element levels due to purification processes during production. In contrast, pollen and bee bread contained higher concentrations of essential minerals such as Ca, K, Mg, Mn, and P. To differentiate them, Mg, Mn, and S were key markers. Honeydew honey had more minerals than nectar honey, particularly K, Mg, and Mn. Risk assessment indicated minimal health concerns for most consumers. However, some samples, especially propolis, had elevated lead levels, posing a risk to children and individuals with lower body weight. These findings highlight the need for regular monitoring to ensure consumer safety while reinforcing the role of bee products as valuable indicators of environmental contamination. • Honey shows the lowest elemental concentrations among bee products. • Honeydew is richer in minerals than nectar honey. • Elemental composition of bee products reveals their plant origin. • Polish products show low heavy metal levels. • Propolis may risk lead exposure in kids.