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The objective of this study is to identify the negative effects of the fossil fuels use and to evaluate their economic significance. An economic value of the damage for each of the analysed effects has been estimated as the annual cost in US dollars per unit energy of the fuel used (GJ−1). This external costs of fossil fuel use should be added to their existing market price, and such real costs should be compared with the real costs of other, environmentally acceptable, energy alternatives, such as hydrogen.
Barbir et al. (Mon,) studied this question.