What Does It Mean to Engage in Identity Exploration and to Hold Identity Commitments? A Methodological Critique of Multidimensional Measures for the Study of Identity Processes

In this article, the processes of identity exploration and commitment are considered in terms of theoretical conceptualizations and the operational definitions used in research. The perspectives of Erikson, Marcia, Luyckx, and Meeus are reviewed with respect to the multiple dimensions of these processes. Attention is focused on four exploration dimensions: (a) exploration in breadth, (b) exploration in depth, (c) reconsideration of commitment, and (d) ruminative exploration, and three dimensions of identity commitment: (a) presence versus absence of commitment, (b) extent of commitment-related activity, and (c) commitment quality. Identity status interviewing, as a methodology for the study of the identity status paradigm, and a variety of multidimensional questionnaires for research on identity, are compared for points of correspondence and divergence. A methodological critique of the Ego Identity Process Questionnaire, the Dimensions of Identity Development Scale, and the Utrecht-Management of Identity Commitments Scale raises concerns that the reported convergence of questionnaire assessments with the identity status paradigm is problematic. Weaknesses in existing questionnaire instruments are identified and a series of proposals for improving measurement are presented.