Human intracranial pulsatility during the cardiac cycle: a computational modelling framework

Figures

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  Fig. 1. a Sketch of the domains representing the brain parenchyma (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\Omega _p$$\end{document}Ωp, pink) and the CSF-filled spaces (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\Omega _f$$\end{document}Ωf, blue). The interface of both domains is denoted by \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\Sigma $$\end{document}Σ. Additionally, the boundaries \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\Gamma…

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  Fig. 2. a Time evolution of the ICP at different locations: inside the lateral ventricles (LV), in the cranial SAS at the upper convexity of the skull (SAS), and inside the fourth ventricle (V4) (cf. Figure 1c). b Intracranial pressure gradient from the lateral ventricles to the upper convexity of the cranial SAS (black) and the fourth ventricle (red)

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  Fig. 3. Sagittal, coronal, and transversal views of the ICP (fluid pressure in the CSF-filled spaces and total pressure in the parenchyma) during phases I–IV of the cardiac cycle. Note that the color scale changes between the different phases (rows)

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  Fig. 4. Sagittal, coronal, and tranverse views of the pressure (ICP) and fluid velocity \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${\mathbf {u}}$$\end{document}u in the CSF-filled spaces of the cranium during different phases of the cardiac cycle. (Logarithmic scaling of the arrows representing the velocity)

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  Fig. 5. Volumetric flow rates and stroke volumes within the ventricular system and into the spinal compartment. LV -> FM denotes flow from the lateral ventricles into the foramina of Monro, AQ -> V4 from the aqueduct into the fourth ventricle, and V4 -> MA from the aqueduct into the median aperture (cf. Figure 1c)

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  Fig. 6. Sagittal, coronal, and transverse views of the brain parenchymal displacement during different phases of the cardiac cycle. The glyph arrows representing the displacement are amplified by a factor of 200

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  Fig. 7. Overview of clinical quantities of interest of a set of model variations from the standard parameterization. The blue horizontal bar represents the range of physiologically realistic values with the blue line indicating the mean value