Aldehydes from oxidation of glucose, intermediates of glycolysis, amine deamination, and lipid peroxidation of membranes are metabolized by aldo–keto reductases (AKRs), glutathione S-transferases (GSTs), aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDHs), and cytochromes P450 (CYP P450) to alcohols, glutathione conjugates (GS–X), and to acids, and excreted. Aldehydes, GS–X metabolites, or AGEs can trigger stress signaling, inflammation, and cell death.
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Conklin et al. (2006) studied this question.
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