Effects of Sleep Deprivation on Working Memory: Change in Functional Connectivity Between the Dorsal Attention, Default Mode, and Fronto-Parietal Networks

Figures

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  FIGURE 1. Experimental design and protocol. All the participants enter the laboratory at 16:00 on Day 1, and then complete the regular test. At approximately 20:00 on Day 1, fMRI scanning under RW condition will be done, followed by behavioral tests (working memory). After a routine nocturnal sleep period, TSD started at 8:00 on Day 2 and ended at 20:00 at on Day 3. During the whole TSD session, the participants needed to keep awaking for 36 h. The participants performed fMRI scanning after TSD at 20:00 on Day 3, and then had behavioral tests (working memory).

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  FIGURE 2. Worse working memory performance contrasting in RW vs. TSD: After 36 h TSD, correct response per second decreased by a paired t-test [**p < 0.0001]. TSD, total sleep deprivation; RW, rested wakefulness.

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  FIGURE 3. DMN, DAN, FPN, and SAN node location in resting Networks: According to the network template in CONN, 19 main nodes of the four networks related to working memory are selected, and their locations are shown in the figure. Their specific names and coordinates are shown in Table 2. DAN, dorsal attention network; DMN, default mode network; FPN, fronto-parietal network; SAN, salience network.

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  FIGURE 4. ROI-to-ROI connectivity of four networks in panels (A) RW and (B) TSD scans [p < 0.05 FDR set wise corrected for all comparisons across the entire network]. ROI, region of interest; TSD, total sleep deprivation; RW, rested wakefulness. DAN, dorsal attention network; DMN, default mode network; FPN, fronto-parietal network; SAN, salience network.

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  FIGURE 5. Alerted ROI-to-ROI functional connectivity of networks contrasting in RW vs. TSD scans: Comparing to RW scan, functional connectivity of rIPS-rLP (DAN-DMN) is higher (the red line), and functional connectivity of rLPFC-rLP (FPN-DMN) is lower (the blue line). All the results are shown at panels (A) left, (B) anterior, (C) Superior view, (D) shows the effect size of functional connectivity. [**p < 0.05 FDR set wise corrected for all comparisons across the entire network]. ROI, region of interest; TSD, total sleep deprivation; RW, rested wakefulness; rIPS, right intraparietal sulcus; DAN, dorsal attention network; rLP, right paracentral lobule; DMN, default mode network; rLPFC, right lateral prefrontal cortex; FPN, fronto-parietal network.

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  FIGURE 6. Alerted functional connectivity correlate to altered correct response time of working memory: Alerted correct response per second of working memory is (A) negatively correlated with the alerted functional connectivity of rIPS-rLP (DAN-DMN), and (B) positively correlated with the alerted functional connectivity of rLPFC-rLP (FPN-DMN) [*p < 0.05 and **p < 0.01]. TSD, total sleep deprivation; RW, rested wakefulness; rIPS, right intraparietal sulcus; DAN, dorsal attention network; rLP, right paracentral lobule; DMN, default mode network; rLPFC, right lateral prefrontal cortex; FPN, fronto-parietal network (10% fastest trials of working memory).