Evidence of altered cardiac autonomic regulation in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome

Figures

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  Figure 1. Literature search flow chart. n number of included studies.

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  Figure 2. Effect of Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome on resting heart rate. Weight outside of parentheses indicates weighting within relevant subgroup analysis, weight inside parentheses indicates weighting within total resting heart rate analysis. CI = confidence interval, HR = heart rate, MD = mean difference, n number of participants, ME/CFS = myalgic encephalomyelitis/ chronic fatigue syndrome.

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  Figure 3. Effect of Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome on maximal heart rate. Weight outside of parentheses indicates weighting within relevant subgroup analysis, weight inside parentheses indicates weighting within total maximal heart rate analysis. CI = confidence interval, HR = heart rate, HRmax = maximal heart rate, MD = mean difference, ME/CFS = myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome, n = number of participants.

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  Figure 4. Effect of Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome on submaximal exercise heart rate. CI = confidence interval, HR = heart rate, ME/CFS = myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome, n = number of participants, SMD = standardized mean difference.

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  Figure 5. Effect of Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome on heart rate in response to head-up tilt testing. Weight outside of parentheses indicates weighting within relevant subgroup analysis, weight inside parentheses indicates weighting within total heart rate during HUTT analysis. CI = confidence interval, HR = heart rate, ME/CFS = myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome, n = number of participants, SMD = standardized mean difference.

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  Figure 6. Effect of Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome on orthostatic heart rate response. Weight outside of parentheses indicates weighting within relevant subgroup analysis, weight inside parentheses indicates weighting within total orthostatic response heart rate analysis. CI = confidence interval, HR = heart rate, ME/CFS = Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, n = number, SMD = standardized mean difference.

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  Figure 7. Effect of Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome on resting heart rate variability. CI = confidence interval, LF/HF = low frequency power/high frequency power, ME/CFS = Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, n = number of participants, RMSSD = root-mean-square difference of successive normal R-R intervals from time-domain analysis, SMD = standardized mean difference.

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  Figure 8. Effect of Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome on heart rate variability during head-up tilt testing. CI = confidence interval, HFP = high frequency power, LF/HF = low frequency/high frequency, LFP = Low frequency power, ME/CFS = Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, n = number of participants, SMD = standardized mean difference.

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  Figure 9. Effect of Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome on heart rate response to mental task. Weight outside of parentheses indicates weighting within relevant subgroup analysis, weight inside parentheses indicates weighting within total mental task heart rate analysis. CI = confidence interval, HR = heart rate, ME/CFS = Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, n = number, SMD = standardized mean difference.

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  Figure 10. Effect of Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome on daily average heart rate. CI = confidence interval, ME/CFS = Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, n = number of participants, SMD = standardized mean difference.

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  Figure 11. Effect of Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome on post-exercise heart rate recovery. CI = confidence interval, MD = mean difference, ME/CFS = Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/ Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, n = number of participants.