Nature of the N–Pd Interaction in Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Nanotube Catalysts

In this work, the geometric and electronic structure of N species in N-doped carbon nanotubes (NCNTs) is derived by X-ray photoemission (XPS) and absorption spectroscopy (NEXAFS) of the N 1s core excitation. Substitutional N species in pyridine-like configuration and another form of N with higher thermal stability are found in NCNTs. The structural configuration of the high thermally stable N species, in the literature often referred to as N, is assessed in this work by a combined theoretical and experimental study as a 3-fold substitutional N species in an NCNT basic structural unit (BSU). Furthermore, the nature of the interaction of those N species with a Pd metal center immobilized onto NCNTs is of σ-type donation from the filled π-orbital of the N atom to the empty d-orbital of the Pd atom and a π back donation from the filled Pd atomic d-orbital to the π* antibonding orbital of the N atom. We have found that the interaction of pyridine N with Pd is characterized by a charge transfer typical of a covalent chemical bond with partial ionic character, consistent with the chemical shift observed in the Pd 3d core level of divalent Pd. Graphitic N sites interact with Pd by a covalent bond without any charge redistribution. In this case, the electronic state of the Pd corresponds to metallic Pd nanoparticles electronically modified by the interaction with the support. The catalytic reactivity of these samples in hydrogenation, CO oxidation, and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) allowed clarifying some aspects of the metal carbon support interaction in catalysis.