Green synthesis of iron nanoparticles using Agaricus bisporus: Evaluation of antifungal and antidiabetic potential

This study explores the green synthesis of iron nanoparticles (FeNPs) using aqueous extracts of Agaricus bisporus (stipe and pileus) and evaluates their antifungal and antidiabetic potential. FeNPs were synthesized at room temperature and under heating conditions, with characterization performed using UV-visible spectroscopy, FTIR, SEM-EDS, and DLS. The formation of FeNPs was confirmed by a color shift to amber and a characteristic absorption peak at 450 nm. FTIR analysis revealed functional groups such as O-H, C=O, and Fe-O, indicating the involvement of mushroom phytochemicals in nanoparticle stabilization. SEM confirmed uniform morphology, with smaller FeNPs (35 nm) achieved using pileus extract (PE) under heating. Antifungal activity against Aspergillus terreus and Aspergillus niger was demonstrated via agar well diffusion assays, with inhibition zones up to 34 mm. FeNPs also exhibited significant antidiabetic potential, with glucose adsorption capacities up to 69% and α-amylase inhibition up to 77%, particularly for smaller nanoparticles. The study highlights the dual functionality of A. bisporus-derived FeNPs, showcasing their promise as sustainable nanomaterials for biomedical applications.