Natural products as alternative therapies for eye disorders: from traditional use to modern formulations

Eye disorders represent a global health challenge, requiring the exploration of natural products as alternative remedies. This review establishes a critical bridge between traditional ethnobotanical knowledge and modern clinical ophthalmology to combat irreversible blindness. The analysis is unified by the pathological aspects of oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, and neurodegeneration common to both anterior and posterior ocular segments. We gathered data on plants traditionally used for diverse conditions, ranging from surface ailments (dry eye, keratitis, conjunctivitis, corneal wounds, blepharitis) to deep-tissue pathologies (cataract, glaucoma, macular degeneration, presbyopia, and diabetic retinopathy). The review culminates in a discussion on advanced formulations designed to overcome ocular barriers and enhance delivery. By integrating herbal with pharmacological insights, this work identifies research gaps and the potential for standardized natural products to preserve vision health worldwide. This review underscores the therapeutic promise of ethnobotanical natural products in targeting oxidative stress, inflammation, and neurodegeneration across ocular pathologies. By elucidating their bioactive compounds and innovative delivery systems, we highlight the potential for standardized formulations as adjuncts or alternatives to conventional therapies for vision preservation.