Abstract Glioblastoma is the most aggressive primary brain tumor with no cure, largely because of tumor heterogeneity and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy is highly effective in blood cancers but exhibits limited efficacy in glioblastoma due to heterogeneous tumor antigen expression, antigen loss and poor persistence of tumor-targeting immune cells in glioblastoma. Here we show a multimodal immunotherapy strategy that integrates engineered immune cells with oncolytic viruses to overcome these barriers. We have developed bispecific CAR-T and CAR-NK cells in combination with oncolytic virus that delivers two tumor antigens to glioblastoma cells for effective CAR targeting. Moreover, oncolytic virus armed with membrane-bound interleukin-15 and interleukin-21 enhances immune cell expansion/persistence and cytotoxic activity. This combined approach improves anti-tumor efficacy in vitro and in vivo by limiting immune escape and enhancing anti-tumor immunity. Together, these findings establish a promising platform for multimodal immunotherapy targeting glioblastoma and other solid tumors.
Li et al. (Thu,) studied this question.