RNA G-quadruplexes at upstream open reading frames cause DHX36- and DHX9-dependent translation of human mRNAs

This study identifies human mRNAs whose translation efficiency is modulated by the DHX36- and DHX9-dependent folding/unfolding of rG4s within their 5'-UTRs. We reveal a previously unknown mechanism for translation regulation in which unresolved rG4s within 5'-UTRs promote 80S ribosome formation on upstream start codons, causing inhibition of translation of the downstream main open reading frames. Our findings suggest that the interaction of helicases with rG4s could be targeted for future therapeutic intervention.