Conservation and redistribution of crust during the Indo-Asian collision

We evaluate the mass balance of the Indo‐Asian orogen by reconstructing the Indian and Asian margins prior to collision using recently published paleomagnetic and surface shortening constraints, and subtracting modern crustal volumes derived from gravity inversions and deep seismic soundings. Results show a ~30% deficit between original and modern orogen volumes if the average global crustal thickness of 41 km is assumed prior to collision, even once eastward extrusion and crustal flow are considered. Such a large discrepancy requires crustal recycling of a magnitude that is greater than one half of the modern orogenic mass, as others have previously suggested. Proposals for extensive high elevations prior to or soon after the collision further exacerbate this mismatch and dramatically increase the volume of material necessary to be placed into the mantle. However, we show that this discrepancy can be eliminated with a 23–29 km thick crust within the orogen prior to collision along with a thick southern Tibet margin (the Lhasa and Qiangtang terranes). Because of the relatively low magnitude of surface shortening in Asia, an initially thin crust would require underplating of Indian crust in southern Tibet and displacement of a highly mobile lower crust to the north and east in order to explain modern crustal thicknesses. The contrast between a proposed thinner Asian interior and older and thicker lithosphere of the North China block may have defined the distal extent of deformation at the time of collision and since. Key Points Thick crust or high elevation in Asia prior to collision leads to mass imbalance A 23–29 km thick crust in India and Asia precollision eliminates mass imbalance Redistribution of mass at depth needed to reconcile shortening and convergence