The Designing the Future of Full Autonomous Ship (DFFAS) Project conducted the crewless maritime autonomous surface ship long-distance demonstration in congested waters in March 2022. This study shows a model-based systematic design methodology and a safety evaluation method for autonomous ships conducted through this project. A reference model of ConOps (Concept of Operations) for autonomous navigation systems is proposed using the DFFAS system as an example. System Theoretic Process Analysis (STPA) is also applied at the subsystem and component levels according to the actual system development phase to extract appropriate granularity of safety requirements.
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Nakashima et al. (2022) studied this question.
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