Normal and reference values for cardiovascular magnetic resonance-based pulse wave velocity in the middle-aged general population

Figures

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  Fig. 1. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) aortic pulse wave velocity (PWV) assessment: a Through-plane flow measurements at the level of the pulmonary trunk cutting across both the ascending and the proximal descending aorta, just below the diaphragm perpendicular to the descending aorta and just above the bifurcation of the abdominal aorta. b Corresponding velocity-encoded images. c PWV is subsequently calculated from the distance along the aortic centerline between measurement locations (Δx) and the foot-to-foot transit time from the resulting velocity waveforms (Δt)

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  Fig. 2. Flowchart illustrating population sample selection

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  Fig. 3. Normal PWV ranges for age range 45–65 years in men and women. From bottom line to top: 10th, 25th, median, 75th and 90th percentile

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  Fig. 4. Distribution of CMR-PWV reference ranges per blood pressure category (stage 1 and 2 hypertension*) for age range 45–65 years in the general population. From bottom line to top: 10th, 25th, median, 75th and 90th percentile. *categorized according to the ACC/AHA guidelines