Mortality burden attributable to PM1 in Zhejiang province, China

PM₁, PM2.5 and PM₁₀ are risk factors of all-cause, cardiovascular, stroke, respiratory, and COPD mortality. PM₁ accounts for the vast majority of short-term PM2.5- and PM₁₀-induced mortality. Our analyses support the notion that smaller size fractions of PM have a more toxic mortality impacts, which suggests to develop strategies to prevent and control PM₁ in China, such as to foster strict regulations for automobile and industrial emissions.