Electronic interfaces switchable by logically processed multiple biochemical and physiological signals

Interdisciplinary research integrating biochemistry, electrochemistry, materials science and unconventional computer science has resulted in the development of electrodes and semiconductor devices functionalized with stimuli-responsive materials. Their coupling to biomolecular information processing systems allows biological control of electronics. Biochemical signals logically processed by cascades of enzyme-biocatalyzed reactions have enabled pre-programmed switching of bioelectronic interfaces. Concentration changes of biomarkers signaling medical dysfunctions have been transduced to amplified electronic signals at switchable bioelectronic interfaces. Multi-signal biosensors and switchable biofuel cells controlled by biochemical signals have thus been realized.