Atypical variants of Graves’ disease: Current insights and clinical implications

Graves’ disease (GD) classically presents with the triad of hyperthyroidism, diffuse goiter, and orbitopathy. However, several atypical variants pose diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. These include seronegative GD, unilateral GD, GD associated with autoimmune polyglandular syndrome, antithyroid drug-resistant GD, drug-induced GD, and Marine–Lenhart syndrome. The present review summarizes the clinical features, diagnostic considerations, pathophysiology, and management of these atypical presentations, emphasizing the need for a nuanced approach to ensure accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment.