For more than four decades, Andhra Pradesh has stood as a model of welfare politics in India. From N.T. Rama Rao’s subsidized rice to Y.S. Jagan Mohan Reddy’s digital Direct Benefit Transfers, governments of the day have employed welfare as the primary language of political legitimacy, with women as the focus of this project. This piece argues that Andhra Pradesh has become a new biopolitical democracy: a democratic formation wherein governments are evaluated less on ideology and more on their competence in managing life-health, food, education, and livelihood through massive welfare programmes. It discusses the way in which the TDP, Congress and YSRCP crafted distinct welfare profiles and gradually converged on women-centric, digitally mediated cash-transfers. Based on policy documents, election results, and various interactions with women beneficiaries, it argues that contemporary welfare programmes both empower and govern. While regular incomes for women are deposited into their own bank accounts, and women have a greater say in decisions made in the home. In addition, they become heavily dependent on state handouts, subjected to biometric surveillance and emotionally attached to leaders. The article concludes that women’s empowerment through welfare is essentially ambivalent. It produces real benefits but also vulnerabilities that are new, and it recasts democracy by transforming citizens into recipients whose political identities are increasingly shaped by their location within the welfare state.
Kiran et al. (2026) studied this question.