Translational cross-species evidence of heart-related dynamics in threat learning

Fear engenders a vast array of autonomic responses in organisms, which are elicited by the presence of threat. Among these responses, heart rate is influenced by the presence of dangerous events as well but can be modulated based on environmental and internal circumstances. This process, while present across different species, may be subtended by partially different neural mechanisms. Here, we outline a perspective regarding the similarities between human and rodent evidence, which suggests the role of the prefrontal cortex and the insula as central hubs in the modulation of threat responses. However, current disparities between human and animal research preclude drawing definitive parallels, motivating further research with sophisticated neuroimaging and in vivo calcium imaging. Finally, clarifying the cross-species convergence of autonomic regulation may help refine translational models of anxiety and its treatment. Thus, we provide a conceptual framework to bridge cross-species differences and summarize the key brain areas underlying threat-induced autonomic changes, with emphasis on their translational relevance for psychopathology.