The Role of Cortisol and Dehydroepiandrosterone in Obesity, Pain, and Aging

Obesity, chronic pain, and aging are prevalent global challenges with profound implications for health and well-being. Central to these processes are adrenal hormones, particularly cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), along with its sulfated form (DHEAS). Cortisol, essential for stress adaptation, can have adverse effects on pain perception and aging when dysregulated, while DHEA/S possess properties that may mitigate these effects. This review explores the roles of cortisol and DHEA/S in the contexts of obesity, acute and chronic pain, aging, and age-related diseases. We examine the hormonal balance, specifically the cortisol-to-DHEA ratio (CDR), as a key marker of stress system functionality and its impact on pain sensitivity, neurodegeneration, and physical decline. Elevated CDR and decreased DHEA/S levels are associated with worsened outcomes, including increased frailty, immune dysfunction, and the progression of age-related conditions such as osteoporosis and Alzheimer's disease. This review synthesizes the current literature to highlight the complex interplay between these hormones and their broader implications for health. It aims to provide insights into potential future therapies to improve pain management and promote healthy weight and aging. By investigating these mechanisms, this work contributes to a deeper understanding of the physiological intersections between pain, aging, and the endocrine system.