A single‐breath‐hold protocol for hyperpolarized ¹²⁹Xe ventilation and gas exchange imaging

Hyperpolarized ¹²⁹ Xe MRI (Xe-MRI) is increasingly used to image the structure and function of the lungs. Because ¹²⁹ Xe imaging can provide multiple contrasts (ventilation, alveolar airspace size, and gas exchange), imaging often occurs over several breath-holds, which increases the time, expense, and patient burden of scans. We propose an imaging sequence that can be used to acquire Xe-MRI gas exchange and high-quality ventilation images within a single, approximately 10 s, breath-hold. This method uses a radial one-point Dixon approach to sample dissolved ¹²⁹ Xe signal, which is interleaved with a 3D spiral ("FLORET") encoding pattern for gaseous ¹²⁹ Xe. Thus, ventilation images are obtained at higher nominal spatial resolution (4.2 × 4.2 × 4.2 mm³ ) compared with gas-exchange images (6.25 × 6.25 × 6.25 mm³ ), both competitive with current standards within the Xe-MRI field. Moreover, the short 10 s Xe-MRI acquisition time allows for ¹ H "anatomic" images used for thoracic cavity masking to be acquired within the same breath-hold for a total scan time of about 14 s. Images were acquired using this single-breath method in 11 volunteers (N = 4 healthy, N = 7 post-acute COVID). For 11 of these participants, a separate breath-hold was used to acquire a "dedicated" ventilation scan and five had an additional "dedicated" gas exchange scan. The images acquired using the single-breath protocol were compared with those from dedicated scans using Bland-Altman analysis, intraclass correlation (ICC), structural similarity, peak signal-to-noise ratio, Dice coefficients, and average distance. Imaging markers from the single-breath protocol showed high correlation with dedicated scans (ventilation defect percent, ICC = 0.77, p = 0.01; membrane/gas, ICC = 0.97, p = 0.001; red blood cell/gas, ICC = 0.99, p < 0.001). Images showed good qualitative and quantitative regional agreement. This single-breath protocol enables the collection of essential Xe-MRI information within one breath-hold, simplifying scanning sessions and reducing costs associated with Xe-MRI.