A review on synthesis and characterization of selenium nanoparticles from plant extracts for applications in agriculture, biomedicine, and environment

Metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) have recently been recognized as having important commercial applications, such as water purification, soil remediation, and drug delivery. However, also pose the potential threat of toxicity, which has been a crucial concern for researchers. In this regard, green synthesis is a viable solution for reducing toxicity levels, as well as making these particles available for unhindered use in human consumer products. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current state-of-the-art in plant bio-fabrication synthesis of selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs). It will provide a thorough understanding of the mechanistic aspects of the synthesis of SeNPs utilizing plant extracts as well as the optimization conditions used to improve the yield and synthesis efficiency of SeNPs. In addition, it discusses the diverse characterization techniques that have been used to better understand the physicochemical properties of SeNPs and facilitate their precise functionalization. Furthermore, this review presents the multifaceted applications of SeNPs, including biomedicine, agricultural, and environmental applications. Plant biology and nanotechnology have intersected in a remarkable way, opening new avenues for synthesis and production of NPs. As it provides a new approach for the synthesis of NPs that is cost-effective and eco-friendly and has enhanced size uniformity and stability.