Cross-impact analysis of Finnish electricity system with increased renewables: Long-run energy policy challenges in balancing supply and consumption

Climate change and global economic pressures are strong drivers for energy economies to transition towards -neutrality, low-carbon economy and better energy and resource efficiencies. The response to these , namely the increased use of renewable energy, creates a set of new challenges related to supplydemand for energy policy and electricity system planning. This study analyses the emergent problems from the renewable energy response. These complex aspects of change in the electricity system are with a cross-impact model based on an expert-driven modeling process, consisting of workshops, panel and individual expert work. The model is then analysed using a novel computational cross-impact , EXIT. The objective of the study is to map the important direct drivers of change in the period 2017–2030 in electricity consumption and production in Finland, construct a cross-impact model from this basis, discover the emergent and systemic dynamics of the modeled system by analysis of this model.