Impact of Electrostatic Interaction on Non‐radiative Recombination Energy Losses in Organic Solar Cells Based on Asymmetric Acceptors

Reducing non-radiative recombination energy loss (ΔE₃ ) is one key to boosting the efficiency of organic solar cells. Although the recent studies have indicated that the Y-series asymmetric acceptors-based devices featured relatively low ΔE₃ , the understanding of the energy loss mechanism derived from molecular structure change is still lagging behind. Herein, two asymmetric acceptors named BTP-Cl and BTP-2Cl with different terminals were synthesized to make a clear comparative study with the symmetric acceptor BTP-0Cl. Our results suggest that asymmetric acceptors exhibit a larger difference of electrostatic potential (ESP) in terminals and semi-molecular dipole moment, which contributes to form a stronger π-π interaction. Besides, the experimental and theoretical studies reveal that a lower ESP-induced intermolecular interaction can reduce the distribution of PM6 near the interface to enhance the built-in potential and decrease the charge transfer state ratio for asymmetric acceptors. Therefore, the devices achieve a higher exciton dissociation efficiency and lower ΔE₃ . This work establishes a structure-performance relationship and provides a new perspective to understand the state-of-the-art asymmetric acceptors.