October 6, 2025Journal of Clinical Medicine2 citationsOpen Access

Prolonging the Warm-Up Effect by Using Additional Respiratory Dead Space Volume After the Cessation of Warm-Up Exercise

PHPaulina HebiszWroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences RHRafał HebiszWroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences NDNatalia DanekWroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences

Structured PICO

Does breathing using an additional respiratory dead space volume mask during post-warm-up rest improve cardiorespiratory responses and reduce perceived exertion during subsequent high-intensity exercise in trained cyclists?

Population

20 trained cyclists

Intervention

Breathing using an additional respiratory dead space volume mask (ARDSv, 1000 mL) during an 8-minute passive rest period following a standardised warm-up, prior to a 3-minute high-intensity exercise test at 110% maximal power

Comparator

Breathing normally (non-ARDSv) during the 8-minute passive rest period following a standardised warm-up

Outcome

Cardiorespiratory parameters during the high-intensity test, including mean oxygen uptake (VO2av), respiratory exchange ratio (RERav), respiratory rate (RRav), tidal volume (TVav), stroke volume (SVav), and rating of perceived exertion (RPE)surrogate

Breathing using an additional respiratory dead space volume mask between warm-up and high-intensity exercise increases oxygen uptake and reduces perceived exertion in trained cyclists.

Abstract

Background: After a warm-up and before the start of sports competition, athletes often take a break. During this break, the effects of the warm-up (e.g., capillary vasodilation) may diminish. The aim of this study was to compare cardiorespiratory responses during high-intensity physical exercise, either preceded or not preceded by post-warm-up breathing, using an additional respiratory dead space volume mask (ARDSv). Methods: The study included 20 trained cyclists. Each participant completed two 3 min tests at an intensity of 110% of their maximal power, determined during a progressive test. A standardised warm-up preceded each 3 min test. Following the warm-up, there was an 8 min passive rest period. During this break, participants either breathed using ARDSv or breathed normally (non-ARDSv). The volume of the ARDSv mask was 1000 mL. Cardiorespiratory parameters were measured during the tests, including mean: oxygen uptake (VO2av), respiratory exchange ratio (RERav), respiratory rate (RRav), tidal volume (TVav), stroke volume (SVav), and rating of perceived exertion (RPE). Results: VO2peak was higher in participants breathing using ARDSv compared to non-ARDSv (4.22 ± 0.40 CI: 4.03-4.41 vs. 3.98 ± 0.42 CI: 3.79-4.18; p = 0.002; t = 3.56; d = 0.585). Additionally, RERav (1.08 ± 0.06 CI: 1.06-1.11 vs. 1.13 ± 0.06 CI: 1.11-1.16; p = 0.008; t = 2.96; d = 0.833) and RPE (18.0 ± 1.7 CI: 17.3-18.8 vs. 18.9 ± 1.1 CI: 18.4-19.4; p = 0.009; Z = 2.61; r = 0.583) were lower in participants breathing using ARDSv compared to non-ARDSv. Conclusions: Breathing using ARDSv between warm-up and high-intensity exercise increases oxygen uptake and reduces perceived exertion, likely through peripheral mechanisms. These effects suggest practical applications in competitive sports and provide directions for further mechanistic research.

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