An increased number of microgrids (MGs) will exist in future active distribution systems (ADSs); however, these MGs belong to multiple operators and cannot simply be controlled as a public grid in the electricity market environment. For multi-MGs (MMGs) which have multiple coexisting beneficiaries, it will be unfeasible to realize a cooperative control among them. Hence, we propose a game theoretic non-cooperative distributed coordination control (NCDCC) scheme to address multi-operator energy trading and facilitate a powerful control structure for MMGs. The proposed NCDCC coordinates the individual benefits of each MG and achieves a global objective based on differential game theory. Furthermore, it simplifies the implementation of many ADS control functions, including global coordination, local autonomy, and self-healing, by reconsidering an ADS as MMGs and every MG as an agent. Moreover, the NCDCC reduces the control dimension and number of agents by obviating the requirements for a central controller and complex communication topologies. This article investigates the effectiveness, adaptability, and fairness of this scheme by means of several representative cases studies.
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Liu et al. (2018) studied this question.